Wednesday, June 19, 2013

When recycling is the second-best option

17 June 2013 Last updated at 02:46 GMT By Mark Ward Technology correspondent, BBC News WATCH: Getting hands-on at a Restart Party in London

On a warm summer's night they came, bearing the damaged and broken, to the place where old things are healed and made whole again.

This time they came to the Camden Town Shed, in north London, but next time it could be a church hall, market stall or community centre near you.

Ugo Vallauri and Janet Gunter are the co-founders of The Restart Project, which aims to stop people throwing away broken gadgets and other electrical items and, instead, get them fixed by taking them along to a Restart party.

At these gatherings, damaged and broken devices and gadgets are taken apart, and hopefully repaired, by the teams of fixers that the project brings together.

Bamboozling jargon

The idea came out of work Mr Vallauri has done with Computer Aid, a charity that refurbishes old computers for use in developing nations.

"They fix almost everything in those places," he said, "they just don't have the money to buy them new."

By contrast, he said, in developed nations people have lost the will to fix broken gadgets. A combination of convenience and cultural pressure leads people to buy new rather than repair.

"Also people have lost trust in commercial repairs. They do not know who to go to and who they can trust, especially when it comes to electronics and electrical goods."

Continue reading the main story
We don't like it when we see things that end up in a skip, or even recycled by our councils, when they could have a second or third life if only we use some basic repair skills”

End Quote Ugo Vallauri The Restart Project Just as when people take their car to a mechanic, people often fear that when they take their broken gadgets to a repair shop they will be overcharged or bamboozled by jargon.

The idea with Restart is to overcome that fear by getting people involved with the repair process themselves.

Opening up a kettle, coffee grinder or laptop and helping to take it to pieces is a powerful way to get over that fear, said Ben Skidmore, one of Restart's roster of regular fixers.

That fear tends to evaporate completely if the item in question gets fixed, he said.

The fixers at Restart parties include people like Mr Skidmore who have been tinkering as a hobby for years, to others such as Francis Dove who runs an electrical repair shop.

When someone walks in to a Restart party with a damaged or broken gadget, it goes through a "triage stage" during which its owner describes the symptoms and people offer their opinions about what's wrong.

Then, more often than not, it is put on a tabletop, taken to pieces and the repair work begins.

"The best technicians are nosy," said Mr Dove, peering at the exposed circuit board of an LCD TV.

Boombox beats again

On average about 20-25 people bring along something in need of repair to a Restart party, said Mr Vallauri.

Electronic waste About a quarter of electrical and electronic waste will work again

In Camden, the fixers got to grips with, amongst other things, an LCD TV, a boombox, a digital car radio, a laptop, two digital cameras and a pair of headphones.

On the night some, such as the boombox, were easy to fix. The boombox's radio tuner looked broken, but when the case was cracked open it emerged that the piece of plastic that moves when the tuning wheel is turned had simply slipped out of sight.

In moments, it was returned to its track and the repair was done.

Others were trickier. Mr Dove instantly spotted dodgy capacitors on the circuit board of the LCD TV that were responsible for putting it into an eternal standby mode. Ripping them out and replacing them should solve the problem, he said.

For Mr Vallauri, the failing capacitors are symptomatic of the way modern electrical equipment is built. Manufacturers could choose to use components that cost a fraction more and radically lengthen the life of the average gadget, he said.

Instead, he said, more often than not they go cheap and produce goods that have obsolescence built in.

Fixing items that suffer this manufacturing neglect is straightforward even though few people know it. Mr Vallauri quoted research which suggests that about 23% of the waste electrical equipment in recycling centres could be refurbished and repaired easily.

Unlocking the value in that could prove a huge boost to local economies in financial and social terms, he said.

Unfortunately, he said, that value is hard to realise because most recycling policies involve local authorities signing a deal with a contractor to manage the waste.

That divorces people from being involved with what they discard, said Mr Vallauri. The undoubted convenience comes at a high social cost.

Getting between the authority and the waste management firm is hard, he said, but would reap real dividends.

"We don't like it when we see things that end up in a skip, or even recycled by our councils, when they could have a second or third life if only we use some basic repair skills," he said.


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Universities 'ignore background'

19 June 2013 Last updated at 01:04 GMT By Judith Burns BBC News education reporter Students revising outside Passion for the subject and good written English vital to gaining university place, say researchers Many UK universities do not consider candidates' backgrounds when offering places, research suggests.

The government wants institutions to broaden access to higher education to include more, poorer students.

As well as strong grades, good written English, a passion for the course subject and a positive attitude to study are key to landing a place, suggests a poll of admissions officers.

Campaigner Sir Peter Lampl said context was "crucial for fair admissions".

The admissions tutors were asked to rate the qualities they most valued in would-be students in the study for an international school group.

Relative merits

More than three quarters (78%) of admissions tutors said they did not look at data on whether applicants' parents had been to university and only about a third (35%) considered that "evidence of success through a difficult start or background" was important.

Details of whether applicants had taken part in university outreach days or summer schools likewise had limited impact with just 20% of admissions tutors saying they looked at this data before they made a decision and 73% not looking at it at all.

Most admissions tutors appeared to prefer to "stay above the political fray" and select on "ability criteria alone", the research for ACS International Schools suggests.

Sir Peter, chairman of the Sutton Trust which campaigns for social mobility through better access to higher education for disadvantaged pupils, said: "Universities should consider where a student went to school, their parents' occupation and whether either parent went to university.

"The Sutton Trust prioritises children in its summer schools and other access programmes on this basis."

Some 80 UK admissions officers were interviewed for the survey, amounting to about a third of all admissions department heads, spanning a range of universities.

The ability to think and work independently was rated as important or very important to 72% of those interviewed.

A reasonable grasp of maths was important or very important for almost half (44%), while work experience and having held positions of responsibility and leadership was highly rated by fewer than a third.

Subject passion

Excellence in performing arts was rated highly by fewer than a quarter while most admissions tutors rated sport and voluntary work as relatively unimportant.

Jeremy Lewis of ACS hopes the survey will help students hone the personal statements they send to universities as part of their applications.

"It's useful to see exactly which attributes really hit the mark with admission teams. Much seems to boil down to an ability communicate their passion."

Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, said: "Many universities do consider a range of other contextual factors alongside applicants' grades, but this is a decision for individual universities.

"However, universities do not use a formulaic approach to admissions, based on specific measures such as whether an applicant's parents had attended university or whether they had encountered a 'difficult start'. Instead they use a broad range of information to help identify an applicant's potential, which cannot always be determined from grades alone.

"It is about offering places based on an applicant's abilities and potential to succeed."

The survey also asked admissions tutors for their views on the relative merits of A-levels, the International Baccalaureate (IB) and Scottish Highers.

Those questioned rated A-levels highest for subject expertise but found the IB better for qualities such as encouraging independent inquiry and training students to cope with pressure.

ACS runs three schools in the UK, charging tuition fees of some £22,000 a year. Pupils take the IB rather than A-levels.


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Friday, June 14, 2013

VIDEO: Flyunder for Hammersmith flyover

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VIDEO: Webscape: A heaven for TV fans

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Thursday, June 13, 2013

VIDEO: At the summit of the Shard

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Can China become a hi-tech economy?

22 May 2013 Last updated at 00:52 GMT By John Sudworth BBC News, Shanghai The BBC's John Sudworth talks to the director of the world's biggest genome mapping company

Inside a former shoe factory in China's southern city of Shenzhen, the noise of hammering and stitching has long gone.

In its place is something much quieter - the hum of laboratory machinery and the click of computer keyboards.

But listen extra carefully and you might just pick up another sound: the deep, seismic creaking of the world's second-largest economy moving forward.

At least, that is what this country's economic planners would like to hope.

BGI has grown from nothing a little more than a decade ago to become the world's biggest genetic sequencing company.

Almost 3,000 people work at the plant in Shenzhen, decoding DNA data on behalf of global clients in healthcare and agriculture.

Gone are the low-skill, low-wage shoemakers. In their place high-skilled, hi-tech brainpower.

BGI has just decoded all of the varieties of the chickpea and is now attempting to determine the genetic components of human intelligence, to give just two examples of the sort of work being done here.

"You have to have more young people, crazy people, who can work day and night to figure out what the data represents," one of the company founders, Wang Jian, said.

"We have thousands of people working in this field, so lots of countries ask us for help. We charge them a reasonable fee and we get the money to feed ourselves."

The company, which came into being as part of the international collaboration to map the human genome, has quickly made use of one key resource: China's abundant supply of cheap graduates.

In some ways, genome sequencing - producing the complete DNA sequence of a particular organism - is the easy bit. You need some very expensive sequencing machines and a lot of computing power.

The hard bit though is decoding or mapping the genome.

For that, you need a lot of careful analysis, looking for similar patterns and sequences in the long strings of letters, so that you can then identify the parts of the genome responsible for particular biological functions.

And that is where the cheap graduates come in.

'More creative' Continue reading the main story
We need a more challenging, more creative education system - otherwise we still, for most Chinese companies, are followers - following the UK and the States to try to catch up”

End Quote Wang Jian Chinese scientist The floors of the old shoe factory are now divided into hundreds of small cubicles, and inside each one sits a technician at a computer terminal, poring over data from the labs.

BGI can do this kind of work on a bigger scale than anyone else because elsewhere in the world, it would cost much more to hire all this brainpower.

So China now finds itself at the forefront of the important effort to find genetic components to things like autism and obesity, both projects that BGI is working on, for international clients.

The country currently has a glut of unemployed graduates - part of the reason, of course, that they are cheap to employ.

Could BGI therefore offer a glimpse of the next stage of China's remarkable economic transformation, with more companies drawing on this army of educated workers to become world leaders?

Before those aforementioned economic planners get too carried away and toast the arrival of the future, BGI's founder has a warning for them.

"Our education system has to be changed fast," Mr Wang said.

"We need a more challenging, more creative education system. Otherwise we still, for most Chinese companies, are followers - following the UK and the States to try to catch up."

'Own way'

In fact, so unhappy was BGI with the quality of the Chinese education system that it set up its own college, in the hope of replacing the traditional learning methods with more creativity and innovation.

File photo: Factory workers in China China has many low-skilled, low-wage workers

But the college has not been allowed to award its own diplomas and now Mr Wang is appealing directly to the government.

"Give people more chance to build up their own schools. We don't want to change the whole system, but give us a chance to try our own way."

"That's what I need to go through you to say. Please do not cut this," he added.

Some outsiders have suggested that, rather than a break with the past, BGI is simply following a tried and tested model.

A bit like China's giant computer assembly plants, only this time producing DNA sequences rather than gadgets.

The trick is the same; do the job just as well but cheaper than it can be done elsewhere.

Mr Wang's concern is for the next phase, for BGI to move beyond data processing and analysis to become a real innovator and leader in biotechnology.

He is certainly not the first person to criticise China's education system as not being fit for that purpose.

The rote learning and cramming approach has long been identified as producing students who are better at studying than they are at learning.

But as one of China's most successful scientists, his is a powerful voice.

And in the story of his company, the country's economic planners may find not so much a model of China's future, but more a warning about how far off that future still is.


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Robson beats Radwanska in Madrid

Laura Robson achieved a first victory over a player ranked inside the world's top five by beating world number four Agnieska Radwanska at the Madrid Open.

The 19-year-old beat Radwanska, last year's Wimbledon finalist, 6-3 6-1 to progress to the third round.

Image of Jonathan Overend Jonathan Overend BBC tennis correspondent

How nice to see Laura Robson smiling again! Barring some good wins in Australia it's been a barren year with several morale-sapping deciding set defeats, so this was much needed and well deserved as she finds her feet on clay in the build up to Roland Garros.

She returned superbly - Radwanska unable to deal with the early pressure in rallies - and importantly kept her foot down.

The Pole tried to use the drop shot more in the second set, with a little early success, but failed to win any of her last five service games as Robson sprinted through to one of her most clinical and satisfying victories at this level.

Robson had endured a torrid few months, suffering a sixth first-round defeat of the year at last week's Portugal Open.

But the Briton was ruthless in Madrid, returning brilliantly to secure one of the finest wins of her career.

Robson, ranked 41 in the world, will play either Ana Ivanovic or qualifier Chanelle Scheepers - who play their second round match on Tuesday - in the next round.

The teenager went toe-to-toe with Radwanska until she broke the Pole in the eighth game of the first set when the 24-year-old netted to give the Londoner a 5-3 lead.

Robson served for the set and quickly stamped her authority on the match by breaking her opponent in the first game of the second set.

Radwanska's riposte was immediate, breaking Robson in the second game, but Robson then secured a third successive break of serve and held to eke a 3-1 lead.

The Olympic doubles silver medallist was breaking the Pole with ease and forced Radwanska to serve to stay in the match which she was unable to do as Robson claimed her fifth break to wrap up victory in one hour and 13 minutes.


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Day in pictures: 3 May 2013

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'Guccifer' hacks Sex and City author

10 May 2013 Last updated at 10:27 GMT Sex and the City Candace Bushnell is best known for writing Sex and the City, which became a big TV and cinema hit, starring Sarah Jessica Parker (above) The first 50 pages of a new book by author Candace Bushnell have been leaked by a hacker known as "Guccifer".

After accessing her email, the hacker uploaded screenshots of the draft manuscript onto Google Drive and tweeted them via her Twitter account.

Also uploaded were emails between Bushnell and her publisher, Grand Central Publishing, about the new work.

Matthew Ballast, of the publishing company, confirmed to Reuters that the leaked document is the author's work.

The company is owned by publishing giant Hatchette, and Bushnell's new book is provisionally titled Killing Monica.

Bushnell's website was also compromised, with links to blog posts about the multiplayer games World of Warcraft and Diablo 3.

She told The Smoking Gun website she was surprised to be targeted by the hacker because "my emails are pretty tame" and said she had been locked out of her account this week.

Guccifer also claims to be behind hacks of the email accounts belonging to former US President George W Bush and his family in February, taking personal emails and photographs.


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US orders removal of 3D-gun designs

10 May 2013 Last updated at 09:18 GMT The BBC's Rebecca Morelle saw the 3D-printed gun's first test in Austin, Texas

The US government has demanded designs for a 3D-printed gun be taken offline.

The order to remove the blueprints for the plastic gun comes after they were downloaded more than 100,000 times.

The US State Department wrote to the gun's designer, Defense Distributed, suggesting publishing them online may breach arms-control regulations.

Although the files have been removed from the company's Defcad site, it is not clear whether this will stop people accessing the blueprints.

They were being hosted by the Mega online service and may still reside on its servers.

Also, many links to copies of the blueprints have been uploaded to file-sharing site the Pirate Bay, making them widely available. The Pirate Bay has also publicised its links to the files via social news site Reddit suggesting many more people will get hold of the blueprints.

Cody Wilson, who founded Defense Distributed, told the BBC that the genie was out of the bottle.

"Once people heard what happened, Pirate Bay has exploded. I'm sat here watching it now, seeing the downloads go up and up."

Continue reading the main story image of Rebecca Morelle Rebecca Morelle Science reporter, BBC World Service

Earlier this week, I saw Cody Wilson fire his gun for the first time.

Small, white and made from plastic, the firearm looked like a toy. But as the shot rang, you could feel the force of this weapon.

Hours later, and the blueprints had been placed online.

Mr Wilson describes himself as a crypto-anarchist, and his belief is that everyone has a right to a gun.

Through this project he aimed to export this idea to the rest of the world - whether the rest of the world wanted it or not.

However a week is a long time in the Wild West of 3D printing, and now Mr Wilson has been ordered to remove the plans.

But with more than 100,000 downloads already, the designs have already been widely circulated, and there is now little that can be done to halt their spread.

The Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance emailed Mr Wilson a document demanding the designs be "removed from public access" until he could prove he had not broken laws governing shipping weapons overseas by putting the files online and letting people outside the US download them.

Explosive force

Mr Wilson said that Defense Distributed had complied with the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) rules. He said the rules were pretty convoluted, but he believed his project was exempt as Defense Distributed had been set up specifically to meet requirements that exempted it from ITAR.

"Our gun operations were registered with ITAR."

He said the letter was unclear in that the Office was conducting a "review" yet at the same time he had to remove the files.

"They are stalling, they are going to make this review last as long as they can," he said. "They are getting a lot of political pressure." He added that he had taken legal advice about what to do next.

"We've also had offers of help from lawyers from all around the country," he said.

He welcomed the US government's intervention, saying it would highlight the issue of whether it was possible to stop the spread of 3D-printed weapons.

Unlike conventional weapons, the printed gun - called the Liberator by its creators - is made out of plastic on a printer. Many engineering firms and manufacturers use these machines to test prototypes before starting large-scale production.

While desktop 3D printers are becoming more popular, Defense Distributed used an industrial 3D printer that cost more than £5,000 to produce its gun. This was able to use high-density plastic that could withstand and channel the explosive force involved in firing a bullet.

Before making the Liberator, Mr Wilson got a licence to manufacture and sell the weapon from the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

The Bureau told the BBC that any American could make a gun for their own use, even on a 3D printer, but selling it required a licence.

Mr Wilson, who describes himself as a crypto-anarchist, said the project to create a printed gun and make it widely available was all "about liberty".


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48 rescued as island boat hits rock

25 May 2013 Last updated at 17:21 GMT Barrie Yelland, Milford Haven Coastguard: 'The vessel had started to sink quite rapidly'

A total of 48 passengers, including children, have been rescued from a boat after it struck a rock and was in danger of sinking off Pembrokeshire.

The Lady Helen had been sailing from Martin's Haven to nearby Skomer Island.

A mayday was sent out and passengers were transferred to rescue vessels after the boat started taking in water as she was towed back to the mainland.

Milford Haven coastguard said all 48 passengers were "safely ashore with no injuries".

Boat trips are popular to Skomer, a wildlife sanctuary and home to colonies of thousands of sea birds just off the Pembrokeshire coast.

Location map

Lady Helen was heading from Martin's Haven to Skomer when she ran aground on a rock at Little Sound, said the coastguard.

A mayday alert was issued at 12:55 BST and the RNLI lifeboats from Angle and St David's were scrambled, along with a Dyfed-Powys Police rib and an RAF helicopter from Chivenor in Devon.

Continue reading the main story
Everyone has done an excellent job carrying out this rescue, including all the various vessels that responded”

End Quote Barrie Yelland Milford Haven Coastguard Sister boat the Dale Princess managed to drag the Lady Helen off the rock using a line but she began taking in water as they headed back to shore.

Milford Haven Coastguard watch manager Barrie Yelland told BBC Wales: "Several vessels in the area also responded and went to the assistance of Lady Helen.

"They started to tow her back to Martin's Haven but unfortunately she started to sink and they decided to transfer all the passengers to the other vessels.

"It's not something we try not to do unless we have to because there's a danger in transferring people at sea but it came apparent there was no option."

RNLI footage of the Lady Helen and water being pumped back at shore

All 48 passengers were reported to be safely ashore with no injuries.

"Everyone has done an excellent job carrying out this rescue, including all the various vessels that responded," said Mr Yelland.

"Special thanks must also go out to the boat Over Dale," said the watch manager.

One of those helping passengers was diver Dr Pauline Crossland, on board Over Dale.

"We were a group of divers who were on our way out and a mayday call was put out," she said.

"A number of boats had to go to its rescue.

"We had quite a few children and elderly ladies on our boat. The children were initially a bit scared. They said the boat had been listing. But once we gave them a Twix each they were fine."

Lady Helen was beached at Martin's Haven and there are three salvage pumps on board and she was being pulled further up the shore.

The Lady Helen

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Wednesday, June 12, 2013

Germany reports sluggish growth

24 May 2013 Last updated at 08:53 GMT Man eating hot dog Consumption, not exports, helped support the German economy Germany's economy barely grew in the first quarter of 2013 as exports and investment shrank, figures show.

But higher domestic consumption - thanks to rising wages - helped offset the declines in foreign trade and capital investment, raising hopes it will help drive a sustained recovery.

Gross domestic product rose 0.1% from the previous quarter, but contracted 1.4% compared with a year earlier.

The figure showed the economy narrowly avoided falling into a recession.

In the previous quarter, Germany's annual economic output shrank by 0.7%. A recession is defined as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction.

In the latest GDP data, which confirmed a preliminary estimate, only household spending was positive, growing 0.8%. Imports fell by 2.1% and exports dropped 1.8%,

"Germany's consumers ride to the rescue," said Christian Schulz, senior economist at Berenberg Bank.

'Normal' effect

"In 2013, Germany will have to rely largely on domestic demand for growth. With consumption showing signs of strength and some bounce-back in investment after the long winter, the outlook for domestic demand is brightening," he said.

"Strong fundamentals such as low unemployment, rising wages and low inflation are starting to have their 'normal' effect. And more growth is in store,"

A separate survey of 2,000 households by market research group GfK showed consumer sentiment rose for the sixth month in a row.

GfK pointed to "the favourable and stable framework conditions in Germany. The high level of employment, favourable wage agreements and slowing inflation are buoying sentiment."

Business sentiment also showed a surprise rebound this month after two consecutive months of declines, according to the closely-watched Ifo business climate index released on Friday.

But some analysts still warned that the recovery was fragile.

Germany's economy lost steam last year as the eurozone crisis and weakness in China hit exports.

"The data also hold an inconvenient truth," said Carsten Brzeski, senior economist at ING.

"Without its exports, the German economy is currently only like a sports car without sixth gear."


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2013 cold start may mean fruit boom

21 May 2013 Last updated at 23:07 GMT By Mark Kinver Environment reporter, BBC News Orchard (Image: BBC) Last year's poor summer hit UK fruit growers, especially orchard owners, very hard UK fruit growers could enjoy a much improved harvest of apples and pears this year, after 2012's growing season saw a dismal outcome, experts believe.

Environmental consultancy ADAS UK says the recent cold weather, a key part of a successful fruit harvest, could see fruit-filled branches in the autumn.

Poor weather conditions during 2012 saw British fruit yields down by up to 50%.

However, the prolonged cold weather this year has not helped cereal growers, who face another tough year.

An assessment by ADAS suggested that the growing season was about eight weeks late, but the recent warming has seen it reduce this deficit to about three to four weeks.

"We are hopeful of a good harvest this year as long as this reasonable weather keeps up during flowering," said ADAS horticultural consultant Chris Creed.

The return of cold weather in some parts of the country, which have experienced ground frost, is not likely to jeopardise this, he said.

Crunch time

But he said that there would be concern if there was air frost (when the air temperature 1.25m above the ground fell to 0C (32F) or below).

"We don't want an air frost, and we certainly do not want it falling beneath -2C," he told BBC News.

"Kent, Worcestershire and Herefordshire are probably through this period now, so the crop should be set.

Hoverfly on a hawthorn flower Apple harvests are dependent on pollinators, such as hoverflies

"I would have thought they have got away with it because I do not remember hearing of any serious air frost in the past 14 days."

Apple trees are generally in blossom for about 14 days, during which time the flowers are pollinated - primarily by wild bees and hoverflies.

Most varieties will not produce any apples unless they are pollinated, and pollinated with pollen from a different variety of apple tree so it is important that the trees are in flower at the same time.

Mr Creed said that a bumper harvest depended on a number of natural milestones being achieved over the course of 12 months.

"We are looking for a good autumn that initiates plenty of flowers, so we want a sunny, dry autumn, and then we want a nice cold period during the winter," he said.

"We have had plenty of cold this season. Then we want a good fortnight [during the spring] with no air frost when the blossom is out, it's pretty simple really.

He added that conditions last year were "absolutely diabolical" while apple trees were in flower.

"And during the summer we would like some proper growing weather," Mr Creed said.

"Proper growing weather during May is some showers and warm nights, ideally double figure nights above 10C, and no drought during June, July and August."


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Deep sea 'gold rush' moves closer

18 May 2013 Last updated at 01:27 GMT David Shukman By David Shukman Science editor, BBC News Nautilus operation The idea of exploiting precious metals on the ocean floor has been considered for decades The prospect of a deep sea "gold rush" opening a controversial new frontier for mining on the ocean floor has moved a step closer.

The United Nations has published its first plan for managing the extraction of so-called "nodules" - small mineral-rich rocks - from the seabed.

A technical study was carried out by the UN's International Seabed Authority - the body overseeing deep sea mining.

It says companies could apply for licences from as soon as 2016.

Continue reading the main story
I don't think we own the deep ocean in the sense that we can do what we like with it”

End Quote Dr Jon Copley University of Southampton The idea of exploiting the gold, copper, manganese, cobalt and other metals of the ocean floor has been considered for decades but only recently became feasible with high commodity prices and new technology.

Conservation experts have long warned that mining the seabed will be highly destructive and could have disastrous long-term consequences for marine life.

The ISA study itself recognizes that mining will cause "inevitable environmental damage".

But the report comes amid what a spokesman describes as "an unprecedented surge" of interest from state-owned and private mining companies.

Sharing the proceeds

The number of licences issued to prospect for minerals now stands at 17 with another seven due to be granted and more are likely to follow. They cover vast areas of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

One of the most recent to be granted was to UK Seabed Resources, a subsidiary of the British arm of Lockheed Martin, the American defence giant.

Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the ISA was set up to encourage and manage seabed mining for the wider benefit of humanity - with a share of any profits going to developing countries.

Chimneys The chimneys of hydrothermal vents contain many metals in high abundance

Now the ISA is taking the significant step of moving from simply handling bids for mineral exploration to considering how to license the first real mining operations and how to share the proceeds.

The ISA's legal counsel, Michael Lodge, told the BBC: "We are at the threshold of a new era of deep seabed mining."

The lure is obvious. An assessment of the eastern Pacific - a five million sq km area known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone - concluded that more than 27 billion tonnes of nodules could be lying on the sand.

Those rocks would contain a staggering seven billion tonnes of manganese, 340 million tonnes of nickel, 290 million tonnes of copper and 78 million tonnes of cobalt - although it's not known how much of this is accessible.

A map shows the spread of licensed areas across the zone.

Right incentives

According to the planning study, the ISA faces the challenge of trying to ensure that nodule mining's benefits will reach beyond the companies themselves while also fostering commercially viable operations.

The plan relies on providing operators with the right incentives to risk what would be expensive investments without losing the chance for developing countries to get a slice of the proceeds.

But the ISA identifies what it calls a "Catch-22" in this brand new industry as it tries to assess which companies are skilled enough to carry out the work.

"Competence cannot be gained," it says, "without actual mining at a commercial scale, but at the same time mining should not be allowed without prior demonstration of competence."

A key factor in the ISA's thinking is the need for environmental safeguards, so the document calls for monitoring of the seabed during any mining operation - though critics wonder if activity in the ocean depths can be policed.

The prospect of deep sea mining has already sparked a vigorous debate among marine scientists, as I found earlier this year on a visit to the British research ship, James Cook, exploring the hydrothermal vents of the Cayman Trough.

The expedition's chief scientist, Dr Jon Copley, a biologist from the University of Southampton, urged caution.

"I don't think we own the deep ocean in the sense that we can do what we like with it," he said. "Instead we share responsibility for its stewardship.

"We don't have a good track record of achieving balance anywhere else - think of the buffalo and the rainforest - so the question is, can we get it right?"

Extinction risk

And Prof Paul Tyler, also a biologist, of the National Oceanography Centre, warned that unique species would be at risk.

"If you wipe out that area by mining, those animals have to do one of two things: they disperse and colonise another hydrothermal vent somewhere or they die.

"And what happens when they die is that the vent will become biologically extinct."

However, marine chemist Prof Rachel Mills, of the University of Southampton, called for a wider debate about mining generally on the grounds that we all use minerals and that mines on land are far larger than any would be on the seabed.

She has carried out research for Nautilus Minerals, a Canadian firm planning to mine hydrothermal vents off Papua New Guinea.

"Everything we are surrounded by, the way we live, relies on mineral resources and we don't often ask where they come from," she said.

"We need to ask whether there is sustainable mining on land and whether there is sustainable mining in the seas.

"I actually think it is the same moral questions we ask whether it's from the Andes or down in the Bismarck Sea."

This debate is set to intensify as the reality of the first mining operations comes closer.

David Shukman presents a documentary on deep sea mining on Discovery on the BBC World Service on Monday.

Follow David on Twitter


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App taps clues to your happiness

8 May 2013 Last updated at 02:51 GMT EmotionSense The app aims to combine phone data with perceived emotions Researchers at Cambridge University have developed an app that tries to track happiness by combining smartphone data with users' perception of mood.

EmotionSense collects information about where users are, how noisy the environment is and whom they are communicating with.

It then combines this data with the user's own report about mood.

The app is part of a project to see how mobile phones can be used to improve health and wellbeing.

Emotional state

Mood-tracking apps already exist but the team from the Cambridge Computer Laboratory think this is the first time that user-input data and phone information sources have been combined.

"Most other attempts at software like this are coarse-grained in terms of their view of what a feeling is," said Dr Jason Rentfrow, a senior lecturer in the department of psychology at Cambridge University.

"Many just look at emotions in terms of feeling happy, sad, angry or neutral. The aim here is to use a more flexible approach, to collect data that shows how moods vary between people. That is something which we think is quite unique to the system we have designed," he said.

When the app is opened for the first time, a sensor that tells the researchers what time of day it is is unlocked. The app spends roughly a week collecting data from this sensor and testing it against the user's emotional state.

'Journey of discovery'

At the end of this, the user is asked to complete a short life satisfaction survey, which unlocks a new sensor.

It takes about eight weeks to unlock all the sensors, which include gauging how sociable someone is dependent on how many texts they send or calls they make, their movements, location and how much they are interacting with their mobile phones.

It has been designed as "a journey of discovery" for the user to give them a step-by-step guide to what might be influencing their mood swings, said lead researcher Dr Neal Lathia.

"This helps us understand both how a person perceives things and how they are actually behaving," he said.

Therapeutic tool

"They may say that they are feeling happy but they may have stopped communicating with friends, for example. This is all about building a bridge between the two sources of data."

EmotionSense Users can input their feeling based on two criteria

The system that allows users to input their own data about how they are feeling has been designed by psychologists.

At different times of the day, the app sends the users a notification asking them about their mood. Users are asked to input their mood on an "emotion grid" that has two axes. The first charts negative to positive feelings while another charts activity.

It is hoped the app can be used by doctors as a therapeutic tool as well as by individuals to work out the times that they are most stressed, for example.

Explicitly consent

"Most people who see a therapist only have an appointment once every fortnight," said Dr Lathia.

"Many, however, keep their phones with them most of the time. In terms of sheer presence, mobiles can provide an ongoing link with a person," he said.

The code used to collect sensor data is being made publicly available to allow other researchers to conduct their own experiments.

Initially the app will be available only for Android phones but the team is working on a version for other smartphones.

Users must explicitly consent to their data being used by members of the team, although it will not be made available more widely.


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Bomb was thrown during gun attack

18 May 2013 Last updated at 12:41 GMT Police officer at Foxes Glen alert The device was found in the same area where police were shot at on Thursday A bomb has been removed from the Foxes Glen area of west Belfast - the scene of a gun attack on officers on Thursday.

The device was found during follow-up searches related to the gun attack.

Police believe the bomb may have been thrown during the attack but did not explode.

Up to six shots were fired as three officers got out of their vehicle in the area on Thursday afternoon. No-one was injured.

A parked car was hit by the gunfire.

A controlled explosion was earlier carried out on the device. Residents moved from their homes have returned.

Police had been lured to the area following bogus reports of a burglary.

A 26-year-old man arrested over the attack has been released without charge.

Replica guns and a small quantity of ammunition were also recovered during searches of the area on Friday.

Police have apologised for the latest disruption to residents of Foxes Glen.

Detective Chief Inspector Karen Baxter said: "Our aim is to ensure the safety of the local community and police and to protect everyone.

"We would ask the public for their patience and understanding as this policing operation continues."

Two men also narrowly escaped injury after their car was struck by the gunfire. Two men also narrowly escaped injury after their car was struck by the gunfire.

Earlier, Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister, Martin McGuinness, said the gun attack would have created only "huge misery and heartbreak" had the officers been killed or injured."

Speaking to BBC Radio Ulster's Inside Politics programme Mr McGuinness said that he is very conscious that "there are people out there who are totally opposed to the peace process who are dedicated to trying to plunge society back into the past".

"I think it is absolutely disgraceful that three police officers were shot at in west Belfast," he said.


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Tuesday, June 11, 2013

'Poor response' to Iraq abuse claims

24 May 2013 Last updated at 16:16 GMT British soldier in Iraq The MoD has held inquiries into abuse in Iraq The British government's response to claims that British troops abused and unlawfully killed civilians in Iraq was inadequate, the High Court has ruled.

Lawyers representing 180 Iraqi civilians had called for a full public inquiry in Britain.

The court stopped short of ordering such an inquiry, but said there should be a series of further investigations into the allegations.

It said "a new approach" to the inquiry into the allegations was needed.

The allegations of mistreatment include sexual abuse, food, water and sleep deprivation, prolonged solitary confinement, mock executions and being denied clothes.

The Ministry of Defence set up the Iraq Historic Allegations Team (IHAT) to investigate the claims - but lawyers for the Iraqis had claimed it was not independent.

Although two judges in London rejected that accusation, they concluded that the present IHAT investigation "does not fulfil" the UK's human rights obligations under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

That article covers the duty to investigate suspicious deaths.

The judges, in their ruling, said: "Although we are satisfied... that IHAT has now been structured in such a way that it can independently carry out its investigative and prosecutorial functions, the task of investigating and inquiring into the very large number of deaths occurring at many different times and in different locations requires a new approach if it is to be achieved in a timely, cost-effective and proportionate manner that discharges the very important investigative duties imposed upon the state."

'Competence and integrity'

Speaking about the allegations, the judges said "what happened is often unclear and the subject of dispute.

Continue reading the main story image of Caroline Hawley Caroline Hawley World Affairs Correspondent

This is a judgement that has enabled both sides to claim victory. The High Court has not supported the idea of a full-blown inquiry into allegations by the Iraqis of "systemic abuse".

But nor, by any means, does it let the Ministry of Defence off the hook. It's particularly concerned about deaths in custody - the Iraqis say there were at least 12 - which have not been properly investigated almost a decade after many of them took place.

The delay is, it says, "a source of great and increasing concern". It wants to see what would be, in effect, a series of mini-inquiries similar to coroners' inquests, calling for "a full, fair and fearless investigation accessible to the victim's families and to the public into each death".

The court suggests that the most serious claims of mistreatment should then also be fully examined.

"Many of the incidents occurred several years ago; the Iraqi witnesses are largely residents of Iraq. Some incidents have been the subject of prosecution and more may be."

After the ruling, Ministry of Defence said it welcomed the court's finding that IHAT was independent and "carries out its duties with competence and integrity".

A spokesperson said: "We are also pleased that the court has agreed that the Secretary of State was justified in concluding that a single comprehensive public inquiry into allegations of abuse in Iraq should not be established. This would have led to unnecessary expense and unacceptable delay.

"The IHAT continues to make progress in its task of investigating allegations which have been made against British troops serving in Iraq."

The Ministry of Defence has paid out more than £16.76m to settle 267 claims of mistreatment and unlawful detention, with 134 cases still being negotiated.

'Serious concerns'

Phil Shiner, of Public Interest Lawyers, who represent the Iraqis, also reacted: "The court has expressed its very serious concerns about allegations in these cases of the most serious kind involving murder, manslaughter, the wilful infliction of serious bodily injury, sexual indignities and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment.

"It has found that the Ministry of Defence have not complied with international and domestic law requiring there to be proper public scrutiny of these cases and the systemic issues arising from them.

"My clients welcome the public inquisitorial process that will now follow."

Two public inquiries have already been launched into similar abuse claims.

The first inquiry was into the death of 26-year-old hotel worker Baha Mousa in UK military custody in September 2003. It concluded in September 2011, with inquiry chairman Sir William Gage blaming "corporate failure" at the Ministry of Defence for the use of banned interrogation methods in Iraq.

Sir William said a "large number" of soldiers assaulted Mr Mousa and the other detainees, and he added that many others - including several officers - must have known what was happening..

And the ongoing Al-Sweady inquiry is looking at allegations that the human rights of a number of Iraqi nationals were abused by British troops in the aftermath of a firefight in 2004 near Majar al Kabir.

The judges said the Baha Mousa Inquiry cost £25m, and the Al-Sweady Inquiry has cost £17m so far.


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Your pictures: Worn out

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VIDEO: Mystery of Syria's internet blackout

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VIDEO: World's first 3D-printed gun fired in US

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Call for action over CO2 levels

11 May 2013 Last updated at 07:52 GMT Coal power station and wind turbines The last time CO2 was regularly above 400ppm was three to five million years ago Scientists are calling on world leaders to take action on climate change after carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere broke through a symbolic threshold.

Daily CO2 readings at a US government agency lab on Hawaii have topped 400 parts per million for the first time.

Sir Brian Hoskins, the head of climate change at the UK-based Royal Society, said the figure should "jolt governments into action".

China and the US have made a commitment to co-operate on clean technology.

But BBC environment analyst Roger Harrabin said the EU was backing off the issue, and cheap fossil fuels looked attractive to industries.

The laboratory, which sits on the Mauna Loa volcano, feeds its numbers into a continuous record of the concentration of the gas stretching back to 1958.

'Sense of urgency'

Carbon dioxide is regarded as the most important of the manmade greenhouse gases blamed for raising the temperature on the planet over recent decades.

Human sources come principally from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.

Ministers in the UK have claimed global leadership in reducing CO2 emissions and urged other nations to follow suit.

Sir Brian John Hoskins Sir Brian Hoskins said a greater sense of urgency was needed

But the official Climate Change Committee (CCC) last month said that Britain's total contribution towards heating the climate had increased, because the UK is importing goods that produce CO2 in other countries.

The last time CO2 was regularly above 400ppm was three to five million years ago - before modern humans existed.

Scientists say the climate back then was also considerably warmer than it is today.

Professor Sir Brian Hoskins, director of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London, said a greater sense of urgency about tackling climate change was needed.

"Before we started influencing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, over the last million years it went between about 180 and 280 parts per million," he said.

"Now, since the Industrial Revolution and more in the last 50 years, we've taken that level up by more than 40% to a level of 400 and that hasn't been seen on this planet for probably four million years.

"But around the world, there are things happening, it's not all doom and gloom," he added.

"China is doing a lot. Its latest five year plan makes really great strides."

China's plan for 2011-2015 includes reversing the damage done by 30 years of growth and increasing the use of renewable energy.


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VIDEO: Wikipedia founder on Yahoo's Tumblr deal

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Monday, June 10, 2013

In pictures: Epecuen resurfaces

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Day in pictures: 10 May 2013

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Swedish salmon sales 'breached ban'

8 May 2013 Last updated at 15:57 GMT Smoked salmon The salmon issue again highlights the complexity of Europe's food chain Firms in Sweden have sold about 200 tonnes of Baltic salmon in Europe despite an EU ban targeting toxic chemicals in fish, officials say.

The ban does not apply to Baltic salmon sold to domestic consumers in Sweden, Finland and Latvia. But the sellers are required to give advice about safe limits for consumption, set by the EU.

Dioxins found in Baltic herring and salmon prompted the EU ban in 2002.

A French firm imported 103 tonnes of Swedish salmon, but no longer does so.

Pecheries Nordiques told the AFP news agency that its tests had found no problems with the fish, imported in 2011 and 2012. "Nobody told us it was illegal," chief executive Francois Agussol said.

Jan Sjoegren of Sweden's National Food Agency told the BBC that Baltic salmon had also been exported illegally to Denmark and the Netherlands from Sweden.

The agency has alerted the European Commission, which deals with national food safety authorities.

A firm in Karlskrona has been reported to the Swedish customs authorities over the salmon exports, and a firm in Hammaroe is also being investigated, Mr Sjoegren said.

Dioxin hazard

The latest alert about Baltic salmon exports follows a horsemeat contamination scandal in the EU which affected many countries.

"We don't think more salmon is being exported now, but because of the horsemeat scandal we are stepping up action on food fraud," Mr Sjoegren said.

Sweden's National Food Agency says the average intake of dioxins among adult Swedes is well below the "tolerable weekly intake" set by the EU.

Children and young women, it adds, should especially limit their consumption of wild Baltic fish because dioxins pose the most risk to babies and young children.

Dioxins spread by incineration and chemical pollution can accumulate in the body over years and can trigger cancer or reproductive abnormalities.

The European Food Safety Authority says that, on average, Baltic herring and wild Baltic salmon are respectively 3.5 and five times more contaminated with dioxins than non-Baltic herring and farmed salmon.


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Amazon reveals fan fiction platform

24 May 2013 Last updated at 11:41 GMT Fifty Shades of Grey Best-selling series Fifty Shades of Grey was originally written as fan fiction Amazon has announced that fan fiction authors will be able to sell some of their work on the firm's Kindle e-book platform.

Fan fiction is literature inspired by popular books, films and TV shows, written by enthusiasts.

Publication outside of blogs and online fanzines is often difficult because of copyright issues.

A deal with a TV division of Warner Brothers enables fan fiction based on three TV series to be self-published.

The three series are Gossip Girls, The Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars, under the arrangement between Amazon and Alloy Entertainment, owned by Warner Brothers Television Group.

Authors will be able to upload their writing for sale via a new platform called Kindle Worlds, which will initially only be available in America.

There is no launch date yet for the platform.

Authors will receive 35% of the overall price of their work in royalty payments if they have written 10,000 words or more, and 20% for works of 5,000-10,000 words under a new pilot scheme for shorter stories.

In return Amazon Publishing will own the global publication rights to the works, says the announcement.

Fan fiction containing sexually explicit scenes will not be accepted, the firm said.

Writing on the Forbes website, technology journalist Jeff Bercovici described Kindle Worlds as "a sort of open API [Application Programming Interface] for IP [intellectual property]".

Harry Potter, Star Trek and Buffy the Vampire Slayer are among the most common inspirations for fan fiction, he added.

"While some authors disapprove of the practice, many of the top-selling genre writers, including JK Rowling, Stephenie Meyer and Joss Whedon, encourage use of their characters by fans," wrote Mr Bercovici.

The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy, which has sold more than 70 million copies worldwide, was originally written by author EL James as fan fiction based on the novels and film franchise Twilight, by Stephenie Meyer.


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Fan tackles Bieber during Dubai show

6 May 2013 Last updated at 10:05 GMT Justin Bieber The singer said: "Nothing stops the show." A member of the audience at Justin Bieber's stage show in Dubai tackled the singer from behind while he was performing at a grand piano.

Bieber managed to free himself and ran to the side of the stage while security guards grabbed the intruder, who managed to knock the piano over and onto its side.

The singer later retweeted descriptions of the "mayhem".

He later tweeted: "Dubai. Nothing stops the show. 2 more to go."

Footage on YouTube shows Bieber carried on performing while security guards removed the fan and picked up the piano.

He is in the middle of a world tour called Believe which began last September and includes about 100 dates.

'Wasn't a prank'

Reports said that the globally successful 19-year-old took a three-minute break after the on-stage fracas before returning to sing Boyfriend and then Baby.

His guitarist and musical director Dan Kanter later tweeted: "It wasn't a prank. Someone ran on stage during Believe and the piano got knocked off its platform. Everyone is fine. No need to worry!"

A parent of one of Bieber's fans at the Dubai gig, Steve Hoare, told the BBC that as the tickets cost about £100 each, a lot of parents were left angry afterwards.

He said: "My 16-year-old daughter said that the kids at the concert were pretty shocked by it all.

"The attacker may have been an adoring fan. But it was probably someone who was annoyed at Justin Bieber being more than two hours late, as he was the night before.

Justin Bieber Bieber dons wings during his stage show

"Both nights are school nights here, so it was not clever and pretty arrogant, particularly when you play a set that is only just over an hour long."

He added that "this kind of thing doesn't happen in Dubai".

Mr Hoare said that as the region relies "so heavily on tourism", he would be interested to see "what action the authorities take".

Bieber has not been short of headlines recently. Last month he provoked fierce online criticism with his message in a guestbook at the Anne Frank Museum, saying he hoped the Holocaust victim would have been a fan.

The Canadian pop idol wrote: "Truly inspiring to be able to come here. Anne was a great girl. Hopefully she would have been a belieber."

The museum defended the star but added his comment "wasn't very sensible".

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Farage blasts 'fascist' protesters

17 May 2013 Last updated at 16:46 GMT UKIP leader Nigel Farage says he will not be intimidated out of Scottish politics despite needing police protection during a visit to Edinburgh

UKIP leader Nigel Farage has described protesters who besieged him in an Edinburgh pub as "fascist scum".

Mr Farage had to be escorted from the Canons' Gait pub in a police van after angry confrontations on Thursday.

He told BBC Scotland the incident was deeply racist and displayed a total hatred of the English.

Mr Farage called on Scottish National Party leader Alex Salmond to condemn the behaviour. The SNP said the UKIP leader had "lost the plot".

Mr Farage hung up during a telephone interview with the Good Morning Scotland programme on BBC Radio Scotland after being pressed about his lack of knowledge of Scottish politics and the low level of support for his party north of the border.

He later described the interview as "insulting".

First Minister Alex Salmond said that Mr Farage's accusation of a "hate campaign" from the BBC during the radio interview showed it would be a "great mistake" to take "somebody of that mentality with any degree of seriousness".

Mr Salmond added: "We can frankly do without UKIP, who dislike everybody and know absolutely nothing about Scotland."

When asked if he condemned the demonstration against Mr Farage, the first minister said: "If there's been any law-breaking - and that's yet to be established - then obviously we condemn that, as we always do in Scotland, but you've got to get things into context.

"A student demonstration isn't the Dreyfus trial."

Mr Farage was in Edinburgh to launch his party's Scottish campaign following recent electoral gains in England.

Police said two men had been arrested following the protest.

UKIP leader Nigel Farage, on being scared of protesters: "I've been in worse places than that"

Speaking to the Good Morning Scotland programme, Mr Farage said: "If this is the face of Scottish nationalism, it's a pretty ugly picture."

He added: "The anger, the hatred, the shouting, the snarling, the swearing was all linked in to a desire for the Union Jack to be burnt."

The UKIP leader said the demonstrators did not represent Scotland and dismissed suggestions his party was an irrelevance north of the border.

"The fact that 50 yobbo fascist scum turn up and aren't prepared to listen to the debate, I absolutely refuse to believe is representative of Scottish public opinion," Mr Farage said.

He said he had heard before that some parts of Scottish nationalism were "akin to fascism" but "yesterday I saw it face-to-face".

Mr Farage also told BBC Radio Four's Today programme that the protesters were "filled with a total and utter hatred of the English".

Continue reading the main story image of Chris Mason Chris Mason Political correspondent

Just a matter of weeks ago some town halls in England were struggling to find enough seats for people who wanted to listen to Nigel Farage before the local elections.

He was seen by many as a welcome blast of political fresh air. And while yes, the party remains small - it doesn't run any significant local authorities, it doesn't have any MPs - it did secure 139 new councillors in England; it was a big breakthrough.

But this is an outfit called the UK Independence Party, and yet the overwhelming majority of its support and elected politicians are in England.

Ten of its 11 MEPs represent English regions; the party doesn't have a single elected politician in Scotland.

It is also worth remembering that the issues of nationalism and sovereignty, so central to UKIP's pitch, are political turf already very, very keenly fought over in Scotland, with the independence referendum next year.

"For some reason the British media has never talked about the excesses of Scottish nationalism and how deeply unpleasant they can be," he said.

Mr Farage did not suggest this was anything to do with the SNP as a party.

But he added: "These people were supporters of Scottish nationalism, virulently opposed to the English, all sorts of suggestions as to what we could do with the Union Jack and I would like to hear Alex Salmond come out and condemn this sort of behaviour. I challenge him today to do that."

He said: "If anybody from UKIP says anything on Facebook that is in any way homophobic or mildly racist you guys jump down my throat and demand I condemn them and expel them from the party, which of course I do. It is about time Scottish nationalism was put under the same level of scrutiny."

An SNP spokesman said: "Anyone who heard the interview with Nigel Farage on BBC this morning would have thought he has completely lost the plot.

"He accused the BBC of hatred when under pressure and panicked during an interview. Nothing he says can be treated with a shred of credibility and his partners in the No campaign should be embarrassed about his behaviour."

A spokesman for the Radical Independence Campaign, who helped organise the demonstration in Edinburgh, said there had been "no anti-English protest".

He added: "For Farage to make such a claim is risible: it is UKIP who are stoking division.

"This was about challenging someone whose party has been spouting racist, sexist and homophobic bile and gone unchallenged for months.

Alex Salmond: "You have got to get things into context"

"Everyone who opposes the politics of fear and division should unite against UKIP - whether you live in Scotland or England."

John Martin, president of the Edinburgh College Students' Association, which also took part in the protest, said: "We organised yesterday's protest against Farage out of a belief that UKIP's policies are fundamentally rotten.

"Their headline five-year immigration freeze is not only completely disconnected from reality, but is a policy that neither the people of Scotland nor the rest of the United Kingdom would stomach.

"His regressive and repugnant ideology is not far removed from that of the BNP - just dressed in a better-fitting suit."

The Scottish Conservatives condemned the protesters who heckled Mr Farage, and criticised the first minister for his subsequent comments.

Alex Johnstone MSP said: "Alex Salmond is the last person who should be coming out and condemning Nigel Farage and his comments today are total hypocrisy.

"Let's not forget this is the same first minister who branded a BBC executive a 'Nazi official' for not being allowed to act as a rugby pundit on TV."

He added: "Yesterday's abuse handed out by separatists was another shameless example of the lengths they will go to hijack the independence debate in Scotland."


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Sunday, June 9, 2013

Some liver transplants 'avoidable'

4 May 2013 Last updated at 23:08 GMT Liver The liver clears the body of toxins Some patients with severely damaged livers may not need a transplant as their own organ is actually regrowing, say doctors at a hospital in London.

They made the discovery by looking at a rare group of patients given a transplant while their own damaged liver is left in the body.

Sometimes the original liver recovers.

A study, in the American Journal of Transplantation, suggests doctors can predict which patients do not need a transplant as their liver is healing.

King's College Hospital has a leading liver transplant centre and is one of few places to perform "auxiliary transplants".

They are performed in sudden cases of liver failure caused by overdoses or viral infections, rather than the long-term damage caused by alcohol abuse.

Normally in organ transplants one organ comes out and a new one goes in. However, in this complex operation the transplant is put in beside the old liver.

After any transplant a patient needs to take a lifetime of drugs to suppress the immune system in order to avoid rejection. The drugs leave the body vulnerable to infection.

However, if the patient's liver does eventually recover then they can come off the immunosuppressant drugs and their body will get rid of the transplant.

Continue reading the main story
What we may be able to do is come up with a better set of tests to allow us to identify those patients who are already regrowing and may not need transplantation”

End Quote Dr Varuna Aluvihare King's College Hospital The transplant is used to get the patient past the critical stage of the illness.

But the recovery happens only in some patients. In the study, the transplant was no longer needed in seven out of 11 patients.

So doctors analysed the detailed chemistry inside the liver cells of patients and looked for differences between those who recovered and those who did not.

Dr Varuna Aluvihare told the BBC: "There was a big difference right from the point of transplantation in the expression of some very small molecules between the group that would, three years down the line, regrow their liver versus the group that never did."

Those molecules regulated the way cells in the liver grow.

"Some of them were already starting to regrow. So what we may be able to do is come up with a better set of tests to allow us to identify those patients who are already regrowing and may not need transplantation.

"So we may be able to remove a group from the transplant list."

The liver does have a phenomenal ability to regenerate. In healthy people it will recover in the space of months even if a large amount is taken away.

People who need a transplant because of acute liver failure are seriously ill. Even if doctors could tell which patients' livers were already on the path to recovery, they would still need to keep those patients alive long enough for the liver to return to form.

Dr Aluvihare argued this would be possible as a small amount of restored liver function would be enough for patients to leave hospital.

He said there are cases at King's of patients recovering while they were on the waiting list.

"I would say five to 10 patients a year we seriously consider for emergency transplantation and then they start recovering.

"That tells us there probably is a pool there and there is probably quite a lot of mileage in identifying people would would recover."

Whether this would work is still uncertain. The team have received funding to look for those chemical differences in the blood of patients.


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Solar plane sets off again across US

22 May 2013 Last updated at 11:53 GMT Solar Impulse plane taking off from Phoenix The flight from Phoenix to Dallas is expected to take about 18 hours The Solar Impulse solar-powered plane has set off on the second leg of its trans-American journey.

It took off at 04:47 local time (12:47 BST) from Phoenix, Arizona on Wednesday, bound for Dallas, Texas.

The craft will also stop over in St Louis and Washington DC before heading to New York in early July.

It has the same wingspan as an Airbus A340 but at a weight of just 1.6 tonnes, its backers hope to show off the capabilities of renewable energy.

By comparison, a fully laden A340 weighs about 370 tonnes.

Continue reading the main story Solar impulse plane infographic Wingspan - 63m (208ft)Weight - 1,600kg (3,500lb)Covered with 11,628 solar cellsCarries 400kg (900lb) of lithium-ion batteriesMaximum cruising altitude of 8,500m (28,000ft)The Across America bid is the first cross-continental flight of a solar-powered plane.

It is the last showpiece with the prototype aircraft before the Solar Impulse co-founders and pilots, Bertrand Piccard and Andre Borschberg, attempt a trans-oceanic flight and an eventual around-the-world flight in 2015.

Solar Impulse already holds records for the first night flight of a solar-powered craft in 2010, the first international flight in 2011, and first inter-continental flight in 2012.

The plane's wing and stabiliser are covered with nearly 12,000 solar cells, which drive its four propellers and charge the plane's 400kg of lithium-ion batteries for night-time flying.

The plane completed its first leg, between San Francisco and Phoenix in early May, in a flight lasting 18 hours.

The two Swiss pilots will alternate on different legs of the journey; Wednesday's flight, due to last about 18 hours, is being piloted by Andre Borschberg.

The Across America bid coincides with the pair's Clean Generation Initiative, an effort to encourage policy-makers and businesses to develop and adopt sustainable energy technologies.


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Hawking 'boycotts' Israel conference

8 May 2013 Last updated at 10:53 GMT Stephen Hawking (30/04/13) Prof Hawking was lobbied by pro-Palestinian groups UK cosmologist Prof Stephen Hawking has withdrawn from a high-profile Israeli conference, apparently in support of an academic boycott of the country.

The British Committee for the Universities of Palestine said Prof Hawking had taken advice and acted based on "his knowledge of Palestine".

A University of Cambridge spokesman told the BBC the renowned scientist had approved the BRICUP statement.

Event organisers criticised the move as contrary to Prof Hawking's values.

The June conference will celebrate the 90th birthday of Israeli President Shimon Peres.

'Personal reasons'

Prof Hawking had been due to give an address at the Israeli Presidential Conference in Jerusalem, where previous speakers include Tony Blair, George W Bush and Dr Henry Kissinger.

Continue reading the main story
The academic boycott against Israel is in our view outrageous and improper”

End Quote Israel Maimon Israeli Presidential Conference chairman "The situation is that he's discussed it with fellow academics and has decided, for personal reasons, not to attend the conference in June," a university spokesman said.

His decision follows a campaign, led by Palestinian and pro-Palestinian groups, to persuade the 71-year-old to withdraw from the conference.

A statement published by BRICUP with Prof Hawking's approval said: "This is his independent decision to respect the boycott, based upon his knowledge of Palestine, and on the unanimous advice of his own academic contacts there."

'Bizarre'

Conference organisers sharply criticised Prof Hawking's decision to withdraw.

"The academic boycott against Israel is in our view outrageous and improper, certainly for someone for whom the spirit of liberty lies at the basis of his human and academic mission," conference chairman Israel Maimon said in a statement.

A spokesman for the Fair Play group, which campaigns against boycotts of Israel, described the scientist's withdrawal as "bizarre".

"Prof Hawking could have joined the conference and explained his views on the conflict in the region, just as many other participants have done.

"By boycotting the conference, he has thrown away this opportunity and will help nobody."


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What does Xi Jinping's China Dream mean?

5 June 2013 Last updated at 23:40 GMT File image of the Chinese Children's Choir during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing on 4 August 2008 Xi Jinping wants his citizens to aim high - but at what? China and the US are global rivals - yet when it comes to inspirational appeal, China has no match for the American Dream. But that may be changing, as Beijing promotes Xi Jinping's new slogan - the China Dream. The BBC's Martin Patience asks what it means.

In recent months Chinese state media have unleashed a propaganda blitz extolling the virtues of President Xi Jinping's China Dream.

It has rarely been out of the newspapers. So-called "dream walls" have appeared in some schools and universities where students are encouraged to write their own dreams on the wall.

A leading think-tank - the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences - has also called for proposals to research the dream. And the slogan has even inspired a chart-topping folk song.

In the arcane world of Chinese politics, slogans matter. They are the words that are meant to convey a leader's vision for the country.

And when you compare Mr Xi's China Dream with some of his predecessors' slogans - Scientific Development or the Three Representatives, for example - it certainly comes across as more catchy.

'Rejuvenation'

But what does the China Dream actually mean? Mr Xi made his first reference to it in November 2012, when he was promoted to the top Communist Party post.

The propaganda storm began in earnest after he became president in 2013. He used the term numerous times in his first address to the nation as head of state on 17 March.

"We must make persistent efforts, press ahead with indomitable will, continue to push forward the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and strive to achieve the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation," he said.

File photo: Chinese President Xi Jinping Mr Xi has not specified how to put the dream into practice

"To realise the Chinese road, we must spread the Chinese spirit, which combines the spirit of the nation with patriotism as the core and the spirit of the time with reform and innovation as the core," he went on.

But Mr Xi has been short on specifics and on how to put the dream into practice.

Liu Mingfu, a retired Chinese colonel, believes he has a better idea than most. He published a book called the China Dream: Great Power Thinking and Strategic Posture in the Post-America Era in 2010.

Ever since Mr Xi started using the slogan, Mr Liu's books have been flying off the shelves. He would not say how many books he had sold, but it was clear from the smile on his face that he was doing rather well.

The author believes that China's new leader shares his dream - which is to make China the world's dominant power.

"Since the 19th Century, China has been lagging on the world stage," he said. "President Xi's dream is of a stronger nation with a strong military."

And the symbolism of the surroundings where Mr Xi apparently first used the slogan was hard to ignore. He used the National Museum's Road to Revival exhibition to deliver his message to senior leaders.

The exhibit expounds on China's suffering at the hands of colonial powers in the 19th and 20th Centuries and the subsequent restoration of its greatness under Communist Party rule.

Last year, China launched its first aircraft carrier - a symbol of its intent. But the country's growing military might is making its neighbours nervous. China is also currently embroiled in several territorial disputes in the region.

Broad appeal

But perhaps the appeal of the China Dream is that it is so loosely defined that it can mean almost anything.

Students at a high school in Shenyang, Liaoning province, 29 May 2013 For one student, the China Dream "is perhaps studying hard"

At Xi Jinping's alma mater, the prestigious Tsinghua University in Beijing, that was certainly the impression.

"For students, the China Dream is perhaps studying hard," said one science student.

"But I think the core of the dream is the same: We Chinese must do something for the country. I want to be a professor in the future. I want to make a contribution to the education sector."

Others are not so optimistic about the China Dream. They see it as a propaganda campaign by the ruling Communist Party to win public affection. It certainly comes as problems mount for China's leaders.

The economy is slowing and more university graduates are now struggling to find jobs. There is also growing anger over official corruption and pollution.

And though the China Dream has not been clearly defined, those in power appear to know what it does not include. Earlier this year, there were rare protests at one of China's most influential newspapers after the authorities censored their front page editorial on the China Dream - which called for the rule of law.

One of the country's best known authors and bloggers, Li Chengpeng, says the problem with the China Dream is that it does not address key issues.

"We cannot mention universal values or an independent judiciary," he said. "We cannot talk about multi-party democracy. What we need is not a magical dream but good politicians."

It gives you some ideas of the pressures facing the party. Using nationalism is of course a powerful unifying force. But the China Dream may be a sign that Mr Xi fears difficult times ahead.


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Florida woman, 84, scoops $590m

6 June 2013 Last updated at 02:20 GMT Gloria MacKenzie and her son in Tallahassee, 5 June Ms MacKenzie appeared at lottery HQ in Tallahassee with her son but did not speak to media An 84-year-old Florida woman has won the largest unshared jackpot in US lottery history - a prize of $590m (£383m).

Mother of four Gloria MacKenzie, who retired to Florida from Maine, bought the ticket in Zephyrhills on 18 May.

She opted to take a single lump sum of about $370m rather than the full amount spread over 30 years.

She appeared at the lottery HQ in Tallahassee with her son but did not speak to reporters.

But in a statement she said she bought the ticket in a Publix supermarket after another buyer "was kind enough to let me go ahead in line".

The $370m is reduced to about $278m after taxes.

The biggest lottery win in US history was $656m in March 2012 - but that was split three ways.

Ms MacKenzie retired to Zephyrhills more than a decade ago with her husband, Ralph. He died in 2005.


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Kenya Catholics oppose condom advert

8 May 2013 Last updated at 11:44 GMT Catholics for Choice condom advert Those behind the campaign say its message is "authentically Catholic" Kenya's Roman Catholic Church has condemned a Catholic group for a billboard and newspaper advertising campaign promoting condom use.

The US-based Catholics for Choice was planting "negative attitudes" that could destroy the nation's "moral fibre", church leaders said.

Catholics for Choice defend it, saying it could curb the spread of HIV.

Around 1.6 million people out of Kenya's population of 41.6 million are living with HIV, according to the UN.

Catholics are heavily divided over the use of condoms.

A television advert urging married women to use condoms was recently pulled from Kenyan television following an outcry from religious groups.

'Sex is sacred' Continue reading the main story
Remember if the moral fibre of any nation is destroyed, then you have destroyed the nation as well”

End Quote John Cardinal Njue Kenya Catholic Church Catholics for Choice has said its "condoms4life" campaign shows "an authentically Catholic message".

The group has run advertisements in newspapers and billboards in Kenya showing a smiling couple with the slogan: "Good Catholics Use Condoms".

"We believe in God. We believe that sex is sacred. We believe in caring for each other. We believe in using condoms," the advert reads.

But Cardinal John Njue, chairman of the Kenya Conference of Catholic Bishops, said the church promoted pro-life, not pro-choice.

"Catholics for Choice are not Catholics in the sense of the one, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church," he said in a statement.

Cardinal Njue called for the advertisements to be stopped.

"Remember if the moral fibre of any nation is destroyed, then you have destroyed the nation as well," he said.

Catholics for Choice said it launched its campaign after pressure from religious groups forced the Kenyan government to drop an advertisement in March promoting condom use in marriage.

"The campaign is vital because the bishops' recent activities are not representative of Catholic teachings or beliefs. Catholics do support the use of condoms, and they do use them to protect themselves and their partners," campaign co-ordinator Jon O'Brien said in a statement last month.

The Kenyan bishops' anti-condom remarks contradict the view of Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI who stated in 2010 that "where the intention is to reduce the risk of infection" condoms can be "a first step in a movement toward a different way, a more human way, of living sexuality", Mr O'Brien said.

Pope Francis was chosen as the head of Catholic Church last month after Pope Benedict stepped down, saying he was too frail to carry on in the job.

The new pope has not commented about the use of condoms since his elevation to the papacy.


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Saturday, June 8, 2013

Democracy 'damaged by English focus'

18 May 2013 Last updated at 11:59 GMT Rosemary Butler Rosemary Butler says she fears too many people are getting their news from outside Wales Democracy in Wales is being damaged by a lack of coverage of Welsh affairs in the London-based media, the assembly's presiding officer fears.

Rosemary Butler says she is worried that too many people are getting their news from organisations outside Wales.

This leads to the content being "English-centric," she said.

A conference will be held on Thursday where broadcasters, journalists and academics will discuss how Welsh news and politics are covered.

Speaking to the Sunday Politics Wales, Rosemary Butler said she was worried that people in Wales were not hearing or reading enough about matters in their own country.

Continue reading the main story
We are sleepwalking into this area in 10 years' time where people are not going to be able to access news about what's happening in Wales”

End Quote Rosemary Butler Presiding Officer "My concern is that the majority of people in Wales don't get their news from Wales, they get their news from across the English border and therefore it tends to be English-centric," she said.

Ms Butler said she believed that this was damaging for democracy.

"Very few people relatively watch BBC Wales or ITV Wales compared with UK news and Sky television. Therefore they are not getting a full flavour of what's happening here in the National Assembly.

"It's the same with newspapers here in Wales, we don't have a major national newspaper and the number of people reading Welsh newspapers is actually reducing.

"It's very important that the people of Wales have plurality of where they can get information about what's happening at the assembly.

"My concern is that we are sleepwalking into this area in 10 years' time where people are not going to be able to access news about what's happening in Wales."

'Differences not reflected'

She said there were huge differences in public policy between Wales and England and these were not being reflected by the big UK media organisations.

Ms Butler will host a conference on Thursday about media engagement - Addressing the Welsh Democratic Deficit - when broadcasters, journalists and academics will discuss how Welsh news and politics are covered.

The Welsh government, via the Welsh Books Council, currently provides funding for the Welsh-language news website Golwg 360.

The presiding officer said she would not dismiss such a move for an English-language newspaper or online service.

"It would be a new way forward if the Welsh government were to put money into an English language newspaper," she said.

"But is that the best way forward? I don't know - that's why I think this seminar will be interesting to discuss these issues."

The Sunday Politics Wales is on BBC One Wales at 11:00 BST on Sunday.


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Labour 'was hollowed out' in power

5 May 2013 Last updated at 14:27 GMT Sadiq Khan on Sunday Politics Sadiq Khan: Labour is rebuilding Shadow cabinet minister Sadiq Khan says Labour has begun the process of rebuilding the party after it was "hollowed out" by its years in power.

He told the BBC Labour did "some remarkable things in government" but "we lost thousands of activists, we lost thousands of councillors".

Labour had problems in organisation and had to recruit new members and persuade them to stand in shire areas, he added.

He said that Labour did well in 46 of the 106 target MP constituency areas.

Labour's gain of 291 councillors in Thursdays local election in England - regaining the same number lost at the low point of Gordon Brown's leadership in 2009 - has been overshadowed by the rise in vote share for UKIP.

Mr Khan told the BBC's Sunday Politics: "We've got to make sure the public understand that we've got new policies that can persuade them to give us trust in 2015.

"Of course we'd have liked to have won more seats, but to bounce back in one term and have 291 gains we're very pleased with."

'Above pay grade'

Mr Khan said: "Look, I accept we should, and we must, do a lot better than we are, but the reason why people vote for UKIP was because they think politicians don't have the answer to the problems they face.

"They can see the fact that living standards are going down. They can see that their wages are not rising as fast as prices, and the challenge we have is to persuade people who do vote and those who don't vote that we can make a positive difference to their life."

Mr Khan said: "What you've got to you realise is between 1997 and 2010 we did some remarkable things in government, but also we lost 5m voters... we lost tens of thousands of members. We lost thousands of activists, we lost thousands of councillors.

"Our party was hollowed out by 2010. We've started the process of rebuilding our party. More than 50,000 new members, persuading them to become activists, persuading people to stand for council in shire elections where historically we've not done very well."

He highlighted successes in place such as Hastings, Harlow, Carlisle and Crawley where "we're going to win back in 2015 if we want to form the next government".

Mr Khan said it was "above my pay grade" to say whether in its next election manifesto Labour would offer a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.

But he did say the party's position was that it opposed the prime minister's idea of promising a referendum in 2017, because of the uncertainty caused to business.


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